Short, working definitions of the terms used in this guide, written
for product and engineering leaders rather than compliance officers.
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KYC (Know Your Customer)
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The regulatory requirement that financial products verify who
their users are, typically through identity documents, personal
information, and liveness checks. It is one of the largest sources
of onboarding friction and drop-off.
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KYB (Know Your Business)
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The business-account equivalent of KYC, verifying a company’s
identity, ownership, and legitimacy. It adds document, ownership,
and multi-party complexity to business fintech onboarding.
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AML (Anti-Money Laundering)
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The body of rules requiring financial products to monitor, flag,
and report suspicious activity. It is frequently the unseen reason
behind holds, reviews, and account restrictions that interfaces
must explain clearly.
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Liveness Check
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A verification step, usually a selfie or short video, confirming
that a real, present person is completing identity verification
rather than using a photograph or recording.
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Account Aggregator
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A third-party service that connects a fintech product to a user’s
accounts at other institutions, enabling account linking, balance
retrieval, and access to transaction data.
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Open Banking
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A framework, formalized to varying degrees across markets, that
lets consumers share financial data with third-party products
through secure, consent-based connections.
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PCI DSS
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The security standard governing how products handle payment-card
data. It shapes interface decisions such as hosted card fields,
masking, and what a product may display or store.
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PSD2
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A European payments regulation that, among other requirements,
mandates strong customer authentication. It is a major driver of
step-up verification patterns in products serving European users.
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MFA (Multi-Factor Authentication)
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A security method requiring more than one form of verification,
such as something the user knows, owns, or is, to authenticate a
user or approve an action.
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Step-Up Authentication
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Applying stronger verification only when the risk of an action
warrants it, such as a large transfer, credential change, or
sign-in from a new device, rather than applying the same friction
everywhere.
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Passkey
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A cryptographic, phishing-resistant replacement for a password
that is typically unlocked through device biometrics or a device
PIN.
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Tokenization
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Replacing sensitive data, such as a card number, with a
non-sensitive token so a product can reference the payment
instrument without exposing or storing its real details.
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Gas / Gas Fee
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The fee paid to process a transaction or smart-contract action on
Ethereum and other compatible blockchain networks. The amount can
change depending on network demand and the complexity of the
action.
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ACH
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The United States bank-to-bank transfer network. Its settlement
delays are one reason financial interfaces need honest pending
and processing states.
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Settlement
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The point at which transferred funds actually and finally move
between institutions. Settlement may happen later than the
user-facing confirmation, and the interface must communicate that
gap honestly.
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Chargeback
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A card-transaction reversal initiated through the user’s bank,
triggering a formal dispute process between financial institutions
and merchants.
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Dispute
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The user-initiated process of contesting a transaction. It is one
of the longest-running and most opaque flows in financial products,
and a major trust moment when designed transparently.
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Reason Code
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A standardized code explaining why a transaction was declined,
flagged, or reversed. The interface must translate that internal
code into language the user can understand and act on.
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Maker-Checker
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An enterprise control pattern requiring one authorized person to
initiate a financial action and a different authorized person to
approve it before execution.
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Dark Pattern
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An interface pattern that manipulates users into actions serving
the business at their expense, such as hidden costs, pressure
tactics, deceptive defaults, or false urgency. In financial
products, dark patterns directly consume trust.
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Progressive Disclosure
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Showing summary information first and revealing greater depth on
demand. It is a core technique for keeping dense financial
interfaces understandable without removing information users need.
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Tabular Figures
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Numerals designed to occupy equal width so digits align in columns.
They are essential for scannable financial tables and one of the
quiet markers of financial-grade typography.
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WCAG
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The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, widely used as the
practical baseline for digital accessibility in financial
services, procurement, and compliance review.